class

Laplace

extendsDistribution

Laplace(loc: Tensor | float, scale: Tensor | float, validate_args: bool | None = None)

source edit

Laplace (double-exponential) distribution on $\mathbb{R}$ .

Symmetric continuous distribution composed of two mirrored Exponential densities placed back-to-back at the location $\mu$ . It is the maximum-entropy distribution with a given mean and a given mean absolute deviation, and is the prior whose negative log-density induces the L1 (Lasso) penalty.

Parameters

locTensor or float

Location parameter

\mu \in \mathbb{R}

(mean = median = mode).

scaleTensor or float

Scale / diversity parameter

b > 0

validate_argsbool= None

If True, validate parameter constraints at construction time.

Notes

Probability density:

p(x; \mu, b) = \frac{1}{2b} \exp\!\left(-\frac{|x - \mu|}{b}\right)

Moments:

\mathbb{E}[X] = \mu, \qquad \mathrm{Var}[X] = 2 b^2, \qquad H[X] = 1 + \log(2b)

The Laplace has heavier tails than the Normal: its kurtosis is 6 vs. 3 for the Normal, and its tails decay exponentially rather than quadratically in log-space.

Sampling uses the closed-form inverse CDF:

X = \mu - b \operatorname{sgn}(U - \tfrac{1}{2}) \log(1 - 2|U - \tfrac{1}{2}|), \quad U \sim \mathrm{Uniform}(0, 1)

so rsample is exact and gradient-friendly through both $\mu$ and $b$ .

Examples

>>> import lucid
>>> from lucid.distributions import Laplace
>>> d = Laplace(loc=0.0, scale=1.0)
>>> d.mean
Tensor(0.0)
>>> d.rsample((4,))
Tensor([...])
>>> d.log_prob(lucid.tensor(0.0))
Tensor(-0.6931)

Used by 2

Constructors

dunder

init

→None

__init__(loc: Tensor | float, scale: Tensor | float, validate_args: bool | None = None)

source edit

Construct a Laplace distribution.

Parameters

locTensor | float

Location parameter

\mu \in \mathbb{R}

(the mean and median of the distribution).

scaleTensor | float

Scale (diversity) parameter

b > 0

validate_argsbool | None= None

If True, validate parameter constraints at construction time.

Notes

The Laplace distribution has PDF:

p(x; \mu, b) = \frac{1}{2b} \exp\!\left(-\frac{|x - \mu|}{b}\right)

It is also called the double-exponential distribution because it resembles two mirrored Exponential densities placed back-to-back at the location $\mu$ . It is frequently used in robust statistics and as the prior inducing L1 (Lasso) regularisation.

Examples

>>> from lucid.distributions import Laplace
>>> d = Laplace(loc=0.0, scale=1.0)
>>> d.mean
Tensor(0.0)

Properties

prop

mean

→Tensor

mean: Tensor

source edit

Expected value of the Laplace distribution.

E[X] = \mu

Returns

Tensor

Location parameter $\mu$ , shape batch_shape.

Examples

>>> Laplace(loc=3.0, scale=1.0).mean
Tensor(3.0)

prop

variance

→Tensor

variance: Tensor

source edit

Variance of the Laplace distribution.

\operatorname{Var}[X] = 2b^2

Returns

Tensor

Variance $2b^2$ , shape batch_shape.

Examples

>>> Laplace(loc=0.0, scale=1.0).variance
Tensor(2.0)

Instance methods

cdf

→Tensor

cdf(value: Tensor)

source edit

Cumulative distribution function of the Laplace distribution.

F(x; \mu, b) = \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{2} \operatorname{sgn}(x - \mu) \left(1 - e^{-|x-\mu|/b}\right)

Parameters

valueTensor

Real values at which to evaluate the CDF.

Returns

Tensor

CDF values in $[0, 1]$ , shape batch_shape.

entropy

→Tensor

entropy()

source edit

Shannon entropy of the Laplace distribution (in nats).

H(X) = 1 + \log(2b)

Returns

Tensor

Entropy in nats, shape batch_shape.

Examples

>>> Laplace(loc=0.0, scale=1.0).entropy()  # 1 + log(2) ≈ 1.693
Tensor(1.6931)

log_prob

→Tensor

log_prob(value: Tensor)

source edit

Log-density of value under the Laplace distribution.

\log p(x; \mu, b) = -\frac{|x - \mu|}{b} - \log(2b)

Parameters

valueTensor

Real-valued observations.

Returns

Tensor

Element-wise log-densities, shape batch_shape.

Examples

>>> Laplace(loc=0.0, scale=1.0).log_prob(lucid.tensor(0.0))
Tensor(-0.6931)

rsample

→Tensor

rsample(sample_shape: tuple[int, ...] = ())

source edit

Reparameterised sample via the inverse-CDF method.

Uses the closed-form quantile function:

X = \mu - b \operatorname{sgn}(u) \log(1 - 2|u|)

where $u = U - 0.5$ and $U \sim \text{Uniform}(0, 1)$ . Gradients flow through both $\mu$ and $b$ .

Parameters

sample_shapetuple[int, ...]= ()

Leading shape dimensions for the sample batch. Default is ().

Returns

Tensor

Reparameterised samples of shape sample_shape + batch_shape.

Examples

>>> d = Laplace(loc=0.0, scale=1.0)
>>> x = d.rsample((200,))

>>> import lucid >>> from lucid.distributions import Laplace >>> d = Laplace(loc=0.0, scale=1.0) >>> d.mean Tensor(0.0) >>> d.rsample((4,)) Tensor([...]) >>> d.log_prob(lucid.tensor(0.0)) Tensor(-0.6931)

dunder

init

→None

__init__(loc: Tensor | float, scale: Tensor | float, validate_args: bool | None = None)

source edit

Construct a Laplace distribution.

Parameters

locTensor | float

Location parameter

\mu \in \mathbb{R}

(the mean and median of the distribution).

scaleTensor | float

Scale (diversity) parameter

b > 0

validate_argsbool | None= None

If True, validate parameter constraints at construction time.

Notes

The Laplace distribution has PDF:

p(x; \mu, b) = \frac{1}{2b} \exp\!\left(-\frac{|x - \mu|}{b}\right)

Examples

>>> from lucid.distributions import Laplace
>>> d = Laplace(loc=0.0, scale=1.0)
>>> d.mean
Tensor(0.0)